An assessment of the urban water footprint and blue water scarcity: A case study for Van (Turkey) / Uma avaliação da pegada hídrica urbana e da escassez de água azul: um estudo de caso para Van, Turquia

Today, most of the world’s population faces water scarcity, while global warming, urbanization, industrialization and population increases continue to increase the severity of the pressure on water resources. Management ofwater resources plays a key role in the sustainability of agricultural production. The water footprint (WF) is different in comparison to other water statistics because it takes direct and indirect water consumption into account, and helps in the management of water resources. Within this context, the WF of Van province, which is Turkey’s most easterly located arid region, was calculated from 2004 to 2019. The study area covers lake Van, which is Turkey's largest lake, and the Van basin with an area of 23.334km² and a population of 1.136.757 (2019). In the calculations, crop (WFcrop), livestock (WFlivestock), and domestic and industrial water footprints (WFdomestic+industrial) were evaluated separately, and blue and green water footprints (WFblue and WFgreen) were analyzed in detail. According to the results, the average WF of Van province was found to be 8.73 billionm3 year-¹. Throughout the province, 87.6% of the WF is composed of WFcrop, 4.9% is WFlivestock and 7.5% is WFdomestic+industrial. Of the WFcrop, 62.5% depends on WFblue, i.e., freshwater. Most of the WFlivestock consisted of dairy cattle (49%) and sheep (38%). The average WFdomestic+industrial for 2004 to 2019 was 0.64billion m³ year-¹. The average per capita water footprint of Van province was found to be 889.9m³ year-¹ capita-¹. In addition, the province is classified as severe water scarcity (257%). This study is one of the first province-based calculations of WF in Turkey and is the first study to bring a different aspect to published literature by including residual soil moisture from the winter months. As a result of this study, the WFblue of the [...].

Hoje, a maior parte da população mundial enfrenta a escassez de água, enquanto o aquecimento global, a urbanização, a industrialização e o crescimento da população continuam a aumentar a gravidade da pressão sobre os recursos hídricos. A gestão dos recursos hídricos desempenha papel fundamental na sustentabilidade da produção agrícola. A pegada hídrica (WF) é diferente em comparação com outras estatísticas hídricas porque leva em consideração o consumo direto e indireto de água e auxilia na gestão dos recursos hídricos. Nesse contexto, o WF da província de Van, que é a região árida localizada mais a leste da Turquia, foi calculado de 2004 a 2019. A área de estudo cobre o lago Van, que é o maior lago da Turquia, e a bacia de Van, com uma área de 23,334 km² e uma população de 1.136.757 (2019). Nos cálculos, as pegadas hídricas de safra (WFcrop), pecuária (WFlivestock) e doméstica e industrial (WFdomestic+industrial) foram avaliadas separadamente, e as pegadas hídricas azul e verde (WFblue e WFgreen) foram analisadas em detalhes. De acordo com os resultados, o WF médio da província de Van foi encontrado em 8,73 bilhões de m³ ano-¹. Em toda a província, 87,6% do WF são compostos por WFcrop, 4,9% são WFlivestock e 7,5% são WFdomestic+industrial. Do WFcrop, 62,5% dependem do WFblue, ou seja, de água doce. A maior parte do gado WFlivestock era composto por gado leiteiro (49%) e ovelhas (38%). O WFdomestic+industrial médio de 2004 a 2019 foi de 0,64 bilhão de m³ ano-¹. A pegada hídrica per capita média da província de Van foi encontrada em 889,9 m³ ano-¹ capita-¹. Além disso, a região é classificada como grave escassez de água (257%). Este estudo é um dos primeiros cálculos de WF baseados em províncias na Turquia e é o primeiro estudo a trazer um aspecto diferente para a literatura publicada, incluindo a umidade residual do solo dos meses de inverno. Como resultado deste estudo, o WFblue do WFcrop está [...].

Disputas por el oro azul: gobernanza hídrica y salud pública / Disputes for blue gold: water governance and public health

RESUMEN El propósito del presente artículo es reflexionar sobre la capitalización de uno de los elementos básicos e indispensables para la vida en el planeta: el agua, recurso vital en donde se ha concentrado, en definitiva, todo el carácter configurador de la sociedad, y que en último caso, se ha convertido en el sentido y la razón de supervivencia de la población frente a mecánicas asociadas fuertemente al capital. Esta última idea es importante porque teóricamente permite desplegar un nexo estructural profundo entre la sociedad y el agua. Siguiendo esta dinámica, una última variable de análisis recae en la gobernanza del agua y sus principales restrictivas en un marco de dinámicas globales atmosféricas que lo atraviesan, y que, en última instancia, estremecen los derechos humanos y la salud pública. De esta manera, se busca una gobernanza hídrica que profundice el nexo y la integración múltiple entre sociedad, empresa, Estado y naturaleza en el manejo del agua sobre una base de principios y técnicas que generen políticas públicas mediadas por una participación completa de los diferentes actores que la involucran, así como la articulación en los diferentes contextos organizativos que legitimen el agua como un recurso compartido. De ahí, se parte que defender el agua como un bien común para todas y todos, sigue siendo un desafío en los diferentes niveles de Gobierno.(AU)

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present is to reflect on the capitalization of one of the basic and indispensable elements for life on the planet: water, vital resource where it has concentrated, in short, all the configurator character of society, and that in the last case, it has become the sense and the reason for survival of the population against mechanics strongly associated with capital. This Last idea is important, because theoretically it allows to deploy a deep structural nexus between society and water. Following this dynamic, a last variable of analysis lies in the water governance and its main restrictive in a framework of global atmospheric dynamics that traverse it, and that ultimately, they shake the human rights and the public health. That way, to seek a water governance that deepens the nexus and the multiple integration between society, company, State and nature in the management of waters on a basis of principles and techniques that generate public policies mediated by a complete participation of the different actors that involve it, as well as the articulation in the different organisational contexts they legitimize the water as a shared resource, and that this, it must be defended as a common good for all, it remains a challenge at different levels of government.(AU)

Reflexiones sobre la gestión de los recursos hídricos y la salud pública en el Perú / Considerations about management of water resources and public health in Peru

RESUMEN El presente artículo es un ejercicio para reflexionar sobre la situación actual del Perú en lo que se refiere al acceso a agua segura y sus consecuencias en la salud y sobre los desafíos que deberá atravesar el país para alcanzar la seguridad hídrica. Propone además algunos lineamientos para dirigirnos hacia la seguridad hídrica en el Perú. El artículo no pretende ser una fuente de referencia de datos estadísticos sobre la disponibilidad y acceso a los recursos hídricos en el Perú.

ABSTRACT This article is presented as an exercise to reflect on the current Peruvian situation in terms of access to safe water and its consequences on health. Additionally, it aims at pondering on the challenges that the country must face in order to achieve water security. It also proposes some guidelines to direct us toward water security in Peru. This article is not intended to be a source of reference of statistical data on the availability and access to water resources in Peru.

Dinámica temporal de la disponibilidad de agua y microclima en aguadas del biotopo protegido Dos Lagunas, Petén, Guatemala / Temporal dynamics of water availability and microclimate in seasonal water ponds in the Dos Lagunas Biotopo Protegido, Peten, Guatemala

En el territorio de la Selva Maya se han identificado a los cuerpos de agua estacionales denominados localmente aguadas, como un recurso crítico para la supervivencia de especies de fauna silvestre, ya que son su principal fuente de agua durante la temporada seca. En el presente estudio se registró en cinco aguadas, la dinámica temporal de la acumulación de agua empleando una cámara automática, así como la temperatura y la humedad relativa utilizando sensores automáticos a lo largo de abril a agosto del 2016. En cuanto a la disponibilidad de agua, esta fue disminuyendo hasta agotarse al final de la temporada seca en el mes de abril, y fue aumentando al inicio de la temporada lluviosa en junio. Para la temporada seca se registró una temperatura promedio (desviación estándar) de 27.65 (4.52 ) oC y una humedad relativa de 71.30 (19.00) %, mientras que para la temporada lluviosa la temperatura promedio fue de 26.09 (3.21) oC y humedad relativa promedio de 86.16 (14.15) %. Sin embargo no se encontró una diferencia significativa entre los valores registrados en las "distintas" aguadas. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre los valores registrados en las aguadas con los registrados por la estación meteorológica automá- tica (EMA) Calakmul II, por lo que para estudios futuros es posible utilizar los valores de la EMA para representar la dinámica en las aguadas. Entre las estrategias para reducir los potenciales efectos del cambio climático para la fauna es la conservación de las aguadas manteniendo la conectividad entre las mismas.

In the Maya Forest, the seasonal water ponds locally known as aguadas have been identified as a critical resource for the survival of wild species, as they are the main source of fresh water during the dry season. In the present study, in five aguadas, we recorded the availability of water using a camera-trap, as well as the temperature and relative humidity using data loggers, from April to August 2016. Regarding water availability, the water quantity was diminishing at the end of the dry season in April until it ran out, and increased as the rainy season started on June. For the dry season we recorded an average temperature (standard deviation) of 27.65 (4.52) oC and average relative humidity of 71.30 (19.00) %, and on the rainy season, the average temperature was 26.09 (3.21) oC and average relative humidity of 86.16 (14.15) %. Nevertheless we didn't found a significant difference between the values recorded at the aguadas. We founded a significant correlation between the values recorded at the aguadas and the Automatic Meteorological Station (AME) Calakmul II, so for future research the AME values can be used to represent the dynamics at the aguadas. Among the strategies to reduce the potential impacts of Climate Change on animal species is the conservation of aguadas, maintaining the connectivity within them.

A governança da água na região metropolitana de São Paulo: percepções e propostas dos gestores e militantes da água em um contexto de crise hídrica / Water Governance in the Metropolitan Region of So Paulo perceptions and proposals of managers and water activists in a context of water crisis

Diante da escassez hídrica na vivida na Região metropolitana de São Paulo e com tantas incertezas climáticas, as ações dos gestores da água na RMSP ficam em evidência e mais do que nunca surge a necessidade de se discutir sobre e os conceitos de governança da água e segurança hídrica na RMSP. Esse estudo analisou com a ajuda do programa DSCSoft software diversos discursos de atores envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP, o software ajudou a separar os discursos dos indivíduos e a construir um Discurso do sujeito Coletivo (DSC). O DSC considera o discurso de um ator o representante do pensamento e somado a outros sujeitos, representa também o coletivo. O objetivo foi identificar quais as percepções individuais, mas também pensamentos e ações coletivas dos diferentes atores sociais envolvidos na gestão ou militância da água na RMSP. Os resultados desse estudo mostraram a existência de dois grupos: Técnico- Capitalista (com pensamentos mais técnicos e voltados ao lucro) e o Eco-Social (com pensamentos voltados a preservação do meio ambiente e a agua como um direito). Foi identificado nesses grupos as diferentes visões sobre o recurso água e também as diferentes ideais sobre qual seria um modelo adequado da gestão e segurança hídrica. Analisando esses discursos, foi possível realizar uma reflexão e uma discussão sobre os conflitos existentes para que haja de fato a governança da água. Esses discursos foram cedidos pelo grupo de pesquisa da USP participante do projeto Bluegrass - As lutas pelo ouro azul que entrevistou diversos atores importantes envolvidos com o tema da água na RMSP e Litoral Norte de SP. O projeto Bluegrass foi financiado pela FAPESP e tem parceria com México, Peru e Estados Unidos e o centro de pesquisa CIRAD na França

Faced with the water shortage in the metropolitan region of São Paulo and with so many climatic uncertainties, the actions of water managers in the RMSP are evident and more than ever, there is a need to discuss the concepts of water and safety governance In the RMSP. This study analyzed with the help of the \"DSCSoft\" software program various speeches from actors involved with the theme of water in the RMSP, the software helped to separate the speeches of individuals and to construct a Collective Subject Discourse (DSC). The DSC considers the speech of an actor the representative of thought and added to other subjects, also represents the collective. The objective was to identify the individual perceptions, but also collective thoughts and actions of the different social actors involved in the management or militancy of the water in the RMSP. The results of this study showed the existence of two groups: Technical-Capitalist (with more technical and profit-oriented thoughts) and Eco-Social (with thoughts focused on preserving the environment and water as a right). The different views on the water resource were identified in these groups and also the different ideals on which would be an appropriate model of water safety and management. Analyzing these discourses, it was possible to make a reflection and a discussion about the existing conflicts so that there is indeed water governance. These speeches were given by the USP research group participating in the project "Bluegrass - The Blue Gold Fights" that interviewed several important actors involved with the theme of water in the SPM and North Coast of SP. The Bluegrass project was funded by FAPESP and has partnership with Mexico, Peru and the United States and the CIRAD research center in France

Drinking water system treatment and contamination in Shatila refugee camp in Beirut, Lebanon

Drinking water at Shatila Palestinian Refugee Camp in Beirut, Lebanon is of poor quality and unpredictably intermittent quantity. We aimed to characterize drinking water sources and contamination at Shatila and determine how drinking water can be managed to reduce community health burdens. We interviewed the Popular Committee, well owners, water vendors, water shopkeepers and preschool administrators about drinking water sources, treatment methods and the population served. Water samples from the sources and intermediaries were analysed for thermotolerant faecal coliforms [FCs], Giardia lamblia, Cryptosporidium parvum and microsporidia, using immunofluorescent antibody detection for G. lamblia and C. parvum, and chromotrope-2 stain for microsporidia. All drinking water sources were contaminated with FCs and parasites. FC counts [cfu/mL] were as follows: wells [35-300], water vendors [2-178], shops [30-300] and preschools [230-300]. Responsible factors identified included: unskilled operators; improper maintenance of wells and equipment; lack of proper water storage and handling; and misperception of water quality. These factors must be addressed to improve water quality at Shatila and other refugee camps

Water usage in the Gaza Strip: recommendations from a literature review and consultations with experts

Water quality in the Gaza Strip has been severely compromised due to increasing salinity, contamination with pollutants, and lack of adequate treatment options. To provide the population of the Gaza Strip with advice on how to mitigate health risks from water we developed recommendations on using water from different sources for different purposes [such as for consumption, hygiene, amenities, and irrigation] based on a literature review and consultation with experts. Specific advice was developed for several vulnerable groups, including infants, children, pregnant or lactating women, and elderly people. The recommendations are inherently limited, as it is unacceptable to recommend consuming water that is of substandard quality. However, pending long-term solutions, information can be targeted to vulnerable groups to ensure that exposure to the most harmful contaminants is avoided. The implementation of these recommendations may require information campaigns to assist the population in differentiating water from different sources for different uses